{"id":92580,"date":"2025-07-09T02:02:04","date_gmt":"2025-07-08T23:02:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gbntc.sa\/?p=92580"},"modified":"2025-07-09T02:02:06","modified_gmt":"2025-07-08T23:02:06","slug":"%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%bb%ce%b7%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%b9%ce%b7%cf%83%ce%bf%cf%8d%cf%82-%ce%b4%ce%af%ce%b1-%cf%83%cf%8d%ce%bc%ce%b2%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b1-%cf%80%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%83%cf%80%ce%ac%ce%b8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gbntc.sa\/ar\/blog\/%ce%b5%ce%bb%ce%bb%ce%b7%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%cf%8c%cf%82-%ce%b9%ce%b7%cf%83%ce%bf%cf%8d%cf%82-%ce%b4%ce%af%ce%b1-%cf%83%cf%8d%ce%bc%ce%b2%ce%bf%ce%bb%ce%b1-%cf%80%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%83%cf%80%ce%ac%ce%b8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u0399\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u0394\u03af\u03b1: \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"toc\" style=\"background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 1em;width: 350px\">\n<p class=\"toctitle\" style=\"font-weight: 700;text-align: center\">\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf<\/p>\n<ul class=\"toc_list\">\n<li><a href=\"#toc-0\">\u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#toc-1\">\u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03af, \u03b8\u03b5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7. \u0395\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u0391\u03b6\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba, \u039c\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b3\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd Encyclopedias encyclopedias \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. <!--more--> \u03a4\u03bf \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf Holm, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-0\">\u039c\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/h2>\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf \u0394\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7, \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0389\u03c1\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u0394\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b6\u03ce\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"toc-1\">\u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03af, \u03b8\u03b5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5<\/h2>\n<p>\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 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\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03ad\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b3\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd Encyclopedias\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.gbntc.sa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/gbntc_email-signature-logos-2-03.png\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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